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A drug derived from marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), formulated in sesame oil and encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules (Marinol(R); Roxane), is currently available as a prescription drug for the treatment of two diseases or conditions. It is indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, and for the AIDS wasting syndrome. The marijuana plant in smokeable form is available to ten patients in the United States for disorders such as glaucoma, spasticity, and the wasting syndrome. Each of these drug delivery systems, oral capsules and smokeable plant, has advantages and disadvantages, and each may be appropriate in particular circumstances. However, a drug delivery system that combines the rapid and reliable onset and ability to easily titrate an ingested dose (such as occurs by smoking marijuana cigarettes) with the least health risk (such as occurs by oral ingestion of capsules) would also be desirable. The use of water-filtered marijuana smoke, as produced by a water pipe, is one little-explored alternative. This article reviews some of the scientific work that has been done regarding the effects of water filtration on the composition and effects of marijuana and tobacco smoke.

While most of the research on water filtration has focused on tobacco smoke, the work with marijuana smoke has revealed that, except for their respective psychoactive components (nicotine and cannabinoids), both smokes share many common constituents and physical properties. Many of the results obtained from studies of tobacco smoke are applicable to marijuana smoke.

In the late 1970’s, a group based at the University of Athens Medical School (Greece) conducted a series of chemical and pharmacological studies on marijuana and tobacco smoke.1-4 These scientists tested smoke that had been filtered through a water pipe and also tested the water itself, which contained both soluble and insoluble compounds. Chemical analysis revealed many different compounds in the smoke and in the water, as expected from the combustion of plant materials. The water did trap some THC, as well as other psychoactive compounds, however, most of the THC present in the marijuana passed through the water pipe unchanged. Pharmacological tests (in mice) revealed that some of the water-trapped marijuana compounds were responsible for producing catatonia and for suppressing spontaneous motor activity. In contrast, the water-filtered smoke itself did not affect spontaneous motor activity and did not induce catatonia, though it was richer in THC. These results indicate that water filtration removes some behaviorally active compounds in preference to others; this may be important when comparing the therapeutic effects of whole marijuana smoke to water-filtered smoke.

Research has shown that water filtration reduces both the amount of particulate matter and the number and quantity of toxic substances in the smoke that passes through it. In a 1963 study by Hoffman et al.,5 the water pipe was found to retain 90% of the phenol and 50% of the particulate matter and benzo-a-pyrene of the original tobacco smoke. In another study,6 tobacco smoke components that were passed through a water pipe showed only a minor hyperplasic reaction and no sebaceous gland destruction when they were painted onto mouse skin. (The application of substances to mouse skin to assess carcinogenic potential is a classic toxicological test; the induction of abnormal cell proliferation [hyperplasia] is a red flag.) In contrast, tobacco smoke condensate that was not water-filtered induced strong hyperplasia and complete sebaceous gland destruction when applied to mouse skin in the same concentration. Salem and Sami,7 also using the mouse skin test, showed that there was a significant reduction of carcinogenic potential in water-filtered smoke compared to the water remaining in the pipe i.e., the water-trapped material was more carcinogenic than the smoke that passed through it. Indeed, when analyzed by thin layer chromatography, two carcinogenic agents were identified in the water itself, while only one was identified in the water filtered smoke. Therefore, water filtration removes at least two known carcinogens that would normally be found in the smoke.

Recently, Dr. Gary Huber at the University of Texas and colleagues from Harvard’s School of Public Health conducted a cellular toxicity study of marijuana and tobacco smoke.8 This research group showed that passing marijuana or tobacco smoke through water, or even exposing the smoke to a wetted surface of about 48 square inches, effectively removed substances (acrolein and acetaldehyde) which are toxic to alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages are one of the major defense cells of the lung and are an important component of the immune system. When the macrophages were exposed to smoke that was not water filtered, there was a marked impairment of their capacity to kill bacteria. When the smoke was water-filtered, however, there was no reduction in the bactericidal ability of the macrophages, suggesting that marijuana smoke that has been passed through sufficient water will have less impact on the immune system than marijuana smoke that has not been water-filtered. This intriguing finding would be of particular importance when treating patients with the AIDS wasting syndrome.

The laboratory results discussed above parallel what is known from studying human tobacco-smoking populations. Thus, there is substantial epidemiological evidence that among tobacco smokers, those who smoke through a water pipe have a much lower incidence of carcinoma than those who smoke cigarettes or smoke a "regular" pipe or cigars.6,7,9,10

In summary, it appears that water filtration can be effective in removing components from marijuana smoke that are known toxicants, while allowing the THC to pass through relatively intact. The effectiveness of toxicant removal is related to the smoke’s water contact area. Specially designed water pipes, incorporating particulate filters and gas dispersion frits would likely be most effective in this regard; the gas dispersion frit serves to break up the smoke into very fine bubbles, thereby increasing its water contact area. While individuals vary greatly in their smoking technique, state of health, dosing regimen, and so on, it seems that many patients could benefit from the use of water pipes to deliver THC. This would allow patients to titrate their dose easily while reducing the health hazard associated with smoke.

REFERENCES
1) Spronck, H.J.W.; Salemink, C.A.; Alikaridis,F.; Papadakis,D. Pyrolysis of cannabinoids: a model experiment in the study of cannabis smoking. Bulletin on Narcotics, 30, 55-59 (1978)

2) Alikaridis,Ph.; Michael,C.M.; Papadakis,D.P.; Kephalas, T.A.; Kiburis,J. Scientific Research on Cannabis. No. 55. Chemical aspects of cannabis smoke produced through water pipes. United Nations Secretariat ST/SOA/SER.S/55, GE. 77-7339, 1-9 (17 June 1977)

3) Savaki,H.E.; Cunha,J.; Carlini,E.A.; Kephalas, T.A. Pharmacological activity of three fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe. Bulletin on Narcotics, 28, 49-56 (1976)

4) Lazaratou,H.; Moschovakis,A.; Armagandis,A.; Kapsambelis, V.; Kiburis,J.; Kephalas, T.A. The pharmacological effect of fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe. II. A second fractionation step. Experientia, 36, 1407-1408 (1980)

5) Hoffman, D.; Rathkamp, G.; Wynder, E.L. Comparison of the yields of several selected components in the smoke from different tobacco products. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 31, 627-635 (1963)

6) Salem, E.S. Studies on special smoking patterns in Egypt. 5th World Conference on Smoking and Health, Winnipeg, Canada. July 10-15, 1983. Eds: Bola, P; Wright, F.E.

7) Salem, E.S.; Sami, A. Studies on pulmonary manifestations of goza smokers. Chest, 65, 599 (1974)

Huber, G.L.; First, M.W.; Grubner, O. Marijuana and tobacco smoke gas-phase cytotoxins. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 40, 629-636 (1991)

9) Lubin,J.H.; Li, J.-Y.; Xuan, X.-Z.; Cai,S.K.; Luo, Q.-S.; Yang, L.-F.; Wang, J.-Z.; Yang,L.; Blot, W.J. Risk of lung cancer among cigarette and pipe smokers in Southern China. International Journal of Cancer, 51, 390-395 (1992)

10) Srivastava, Y.C. Oral Leukoplakia. International Surgery, 58, 614-618 (1973)

Acknowledgement:
This study was supported by a grant from MAPS
2105 Robinson Avenue
Sarasota FL 34232
email: st.maps@cybernetics.net (Sylvia Thyssen, Network Coordinator)

Copyright © 1995 by Nicholas V. Cozzi, Ph.D. This document may be freely copied and distributed, subject to the following limitations: 1) This document must be copied in its entirety, without modifications; 2) This document may NOT be copied for commercial purposes.

I went lately to see an exposition of Davinci, I had the opportunity to see part of his work. The guy hoe led us told us about the “last dinner” that painted Leonardo. Contrary to what the film and the book tells us the one sitting next to the right of jesus  is a guy, not Mary Magdalene. The guy who led us told also that Davinci has written every position on the picture.

Make sure you save your work constantly, remember, windows  won´t do it for you they just don´t care.

To avoid this kind of software inconsistencies try something different like MAC OS.

Cheers, have a nice day!

To be honest I haven´t seen the movie nor have I red about it, the only thing I know is that there´s a new movie preaching the end of the world I don´t know how exactly.

I would rather like to see a movie where they rescue the mayan prophecies .

According to the mayan prophecies we are just about to expirience an earth axis shift that is due to year 2012 according to some maya experts and to other in year 2013.

The NASA is aware of some of the phenomena that´s going on up there in the surface of the sun, they say that the sun has some kind of volcanos that explodes every 11 years. The last eroptions have taken place in 2001.

Main energy streamlines and generators got affected by the solar radiation that reached the earth. According to scientists in year 2012 we are going to have some more eruptions since the cyclus completes itself and this one impact is hard to predict.

That all made me think and dare to speculate how it all could happen.

1)year 2012 arrives

2)the solar volcanos explodes launching huge radiation to the earth

3)Radiation touches the poles smelting them down in a matter of seconds

4)Because of weight decompensation due to poles getting smelt in a matter of seconds , Voila! the earth is forced to shift axis.

5)Sea currents are in turn forced to change its directions creating a chaos in the deep see, species get mixed with each other and are forced to migrate.

6)Winds changes

7)floods and sunamies can continue to a while untill it settles down on earth, some earthlings will survive to continue inhabiting this world.

Because by pressing a button on my remote control I can access to hundreds of high quality movie trailers for free .

It seems that people are in a hurry to do it, although there are many ways to make money online. They are not willing to slowly build an Internet business for long term cash however; they are looking to make fast money online.

Let’s take a look at two ways to make Money on the Internet and do it quickly.

1. One of the fastest ways to make money online is to sell your own products and have the money deposited instantly into your checking account or Papal account. If you do not have a Papal account you should go and sign up with them for free.

If you are looking for a way to process payments, for more information visit to www.sale-trigger-generator.com you may want to check out Google merchant checkout. They offer an excellent program for collecting money and shipping products, and you can get the money deposited directly into your checking account after Google processes the payments.

If you do not have your own products, for more information visit to www.sales-letter-secret.com you should consider selling information products online. PLR wholesaler is one company you can do it with.com. There you will find hundreds of private label rights that you can claim as your own or that you can re work to make unique.

2. Another way to quickly make money on the Internet is to join and the instant cash affiliate program. There are several these popping up all over the place and are a great way to have money deposited directly into your Papal account when make a sale.

Generally with these types of programs you have to purchase the product before you can get a Papal URL. This is good as well because it allows you to learn about the product and create your own pre-sell sales page.

You can do this for free too by joining Blogger.com. This is the quick way to set up your own blog and three easy steps.

Google owns this company, so it’s a very good way to start blogging on the Internet too. Google tends to spider their own pages before they go out and spider other websites, so with your blog you have an excellent chance of having them stop by regularly to see what you are up to.

This is two ways to make fast money online. Sell your own products using private label rights to help you get started. Or have the money deposited directly into your Papal account by joining an instant cash affiliate program and.

Guy Mendel son invites you to visit his work at home opportunity website for hundreds of internet business ideas. You will find affiliate marketing ideas and the best home business opportunities online today. If you need to make more money fast please visit his website here now

Article Source: Two Ways To Make Fast Money On The Internet!

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Furthermore, blogs assume a profound meaning written to compose and assemble political statements, endorse a product, supply information on research, and even offer tutorials. Any subject that are of your interests, Or go to www.page-brand-generator.com you can be sure that someone has written a blog on it, unless it’s exceptionally a very new topic …

Blogs are now being written by musicians, politicians, sports figures, novelists, newscasters as well as other well-known figures or even celebrities. It is this blog fever that has raised controversy. The fact that anyone can compose and regarding any subject matter under the sun, complaints about certain write-ups are an issue. In a lot of blogs, names are being mentioned; do bear in mind that although you are entitled to write anything that interests you in a blog, you have to be very careful and take in a lot of responsibility. Do not make any statements which can become controversial; or else, be very prepared.

Why a Blog?

1) For personal acquaintances, relationships and hobby. A person can write a blog about his daily activities, what’s going on with his life as his way of telling his family and friends the things that goes on in his life. Likewise, one may also write a blog just so he can express what he feels about himself, or about a certain subject matter that is of interest to him.

2) Topical, Some blogs are committed to a precise topic, like computer hardware or politics. These are frequently read like magazines.

3) For marketing, Corporations are too, into blogging; when well written and implemented, this kind of blog can be a powerful instrument for business communications, forming eagerness and anticipation regarding their products and services offered, or used as tool within the company, keeping employees well informed about company issues and news.

Why someone else’s software?

A lot of web designers and creators will laugh at the belief and idea of utilizing the software of someone else. This is somewhat correct esp. when each software differs greatly from the particular requirements that a client may have.

On the other hand, when it refers to a Weblog software, there is no reason for apprehension in the use of a package that is pre-written, as most packages were developed through years of study; not just knocked together over a couple of days.

Of course, one may study its feature set. For a developer, it would take a lot of time and effort to write and compose from “nothing at all” every single feature in the Weblog software packages of today. For most people, a blog is there for the main reason that chooses to publish or make known your literature and texts on the Web, so you want to spend your time more on writing than coding.

Hosted Services

If one wishes to start broadcasting on the Web, yet he/she does not have web hosting, one can consider looking into a hosted service, which includes Blogger, TypePad, Live Journal, and more.

These services are operated or handled for an individual, so there is no need to concern one about technical upkeep of one’s Weblog; instead, one can concentrate on his blog’s appearance and content. In just minutes, after signing for an account, one can readily start his own blog. You can visit www.viral-toolbar-builder.com Many such services are offered free, such as blogger. TypePad charges a minimal amount for monthly service fee.

Self-Hosted

When one has Web hosting on hand, or is eager to buy a web hosting service, in which one feels that the advantage will prevail over the problems of keeping up your own blog connection and installation, then you may want to take into account a package that is self-hosted, which includes Movable Type, Textpattern and WordPress.

Other hosting companies did construct the process of installation easier, permitting installation with just a click from a control panel that is browser-based. It is important that you check with a hosting company so you can view if this function is offered. Similar to hosted services, some self hosted packages are made available either for free or for a certain fee which is dependent on the type of package that you choose as well as the basis why you are using it.

Do stay tuned for more interesting articles …

Article Source: Software For All Your Blogging Needs?

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Having a blog is one of the essential features of owning an online business. If you are just starting an online business, usually you are concerned about how much money it’s going to cost you to run your business. Blogging is one free way that you can advertise quickly and effectively, so you don’t want to go without.

Once you have set up a free blog through Blogger or Wordpress, you are on your own to create content for your blog. Creating quality content becomes very important if you want to drive traffic to your blog.

Of course the reason you want traffic is because you want to advertise your products and services that you may offer on your website. You can visit www.your-own-blog.com Another reason to drive traffic to your blog when starting an online business is that you want visitors, and you want repeat visitors.

If your website visitors are exposed to your offers multiple times, chances are more likely that they will come to know, trust, and respect you. It often takes more than one visit before people will consider buying from you, but it’s your quality content that will catch their attention in the first place and establish that trust and respect before they buy.

A good way to get repeat visitors is to use RSS on your blog so that visitors can subscribe to your blog and see updates as they happen. Even after that, and some good quality content, it is still often a challenge when starting an online business to get traffic to your blog.

One way to solve this problem is by signing up for blog traffic exchanges that are much like regular traffic exchanges that display your links based on a credit system. For example, you can sign up for Blog Soldiers and everyone who uses the system will get a chance to read your blog when they surf for credits.

A more effective way to build up your blog traffic when starting an online business would be to get involved with blog circles - a network of other bloggers. If you are at all familiar with the new social bookmarking trend in internet marketing, then getting involved in a blog network is very similar.

The idea in social bookmarking is to connect with others online who are also starting an online business, for example. You can publicly bookmark other’s posts and everyone can access not only your posts but those you’ve bookmarked. By commenting on other’s posts, you create a ton of new traffic to your site.

A blog network is much the same, where you read content that you are interested in under a common blog category and links are shared within the network by other bloggers. This is much like commenting on a blog and leaving your link at the end for others to access. This creates a whole new wave of traffic to your site, or goes to www.blog-and-ping.com in addition to your other advertising efforts.

Not only can you get more traffic by joining a blog network, but if you want you can even make some money at it depending what network you join. If you do a Google search for “blog networks” you will see the different kinds you can get involved with.

Starting an online business can be intimidating, but if you use free advertising methods like blogging to build your traffic with good quality content, then you will find that other bloggers will want to link to you. Once you’re in a network of blog links, you are sure to see your traffic and earnings rise!

Article Source: Blog Traffic Troubles When Starting an Online Business!Blog Traffic Troubles When Starting an Online Business!

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Blogging for news stories as they unfold is one of the most exciting and controversial applications of technology that bloggers have discovered. One thing that makes your blogging so active is the fact that it is possible to update instantaneously, so the news tends to be more current than the news in the paper, or on television. Unlike news delivered by these other media, news that appears on blogs does not have to travel through a series of editors and administrators before it reaches the public eye. This has some advantages, and some distinct disadvantages.

One of the most notable cases of news hitting blogs before appearing in other media took place in July 2005 when terrorism struck London. As passengers were evacuated from a subway car near an explosion, one man took several photographs of the scene with his cellular phone, and within an hour these images were posted online. For more details.www.atoz-about-rss.com.First person accounts of the catastrophe began appearing on blogs soon after these photos appeared, and people all over the world learned about the events in London by reading the words and seeing the photos posted by bloggers.

Video blogs has a lot of advantages over text based, and it is little wonder that this new technology is catching on all over the globe. Video blogs very effectively grab the attention of web surfers, and people are much more likely to become excited about the dynamic content of a video blogging than they are likely to find a written posting very thrilling. The more enthusiastic viewers are about a site, the quicker the word of mouth spreads, and the more traffic the site will get.

Of course, there are plenty of disadvantages to video bloggers as well. Hosting a video blog requires quite a bit of server space, which can make it difficult to get started. It takes more time to process and upload a video file than it does to dash off a quick bit of text, which means that running and updating a video blog can be quite a bit of work. In addition, web surfers sometimes grow frustrated with the slow loading times of the files on many video blogs. Contact.www.rss-announcers.com.Whether you opt for a video blog or not depends on what kind of subject matter you want to cover, and how much time you can devote to video blogging. Before you decide to pursue a video blog, consider if there is an easier way for you to get your message across.

If you are blogging with the goal of selling advertising, there are two basic ways that you can go about recruiting sponsors who want to put ads on your site; you can let someone else do all of the legwork, or you can do the work yourself and keep all of the revenue. Within the first group, many people make money blogging by selling space through Google AdSense program. The advantages of this program are numerous, as it requires very little effort on the part of the bloggers or webmaster to begin raking in profits. However, most people discover that they make less money through this method than they had hoped.

If you already spend a fair amount of time on your computer, money may come to you literally as soon as you ask for it. Once you have an established blog with a regular readership, it is easy to turn a profit through advertising. By hosting sponsored links or banners, you can see income from your hobby almost overnight. Even if you did not start your blog intending to turn a profit, making supplementary income it may be easier than you think.

Article Source: Discovery Of Blogging Secrets

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